Sediment Core Analysis in Archaeology

Sediment cores are an extremely useful tool used in conjunction with archaeological studies. Basically, a geologist uses a long narrow metal (generally aluminum) tube to sample the soil deposits in the bottom of a lake or wetland. The soils are removed, dried, and analyzed in a laboratory. The reason sediment core analysis is interesting is because the bottoms of a lake or wetland are records of the silt and pollen and other objects and materials which have fallen into the lake over time. The lake water acts as both a sorting device and as a preservative  since the deposits fall in chronological order and (if not subject to dredging) are not normally otherwise disturbed by humans. So, a tube extended down into these sediments collects a sample of 2-5 inch diameter of undisturbed deposits which reflect changes over time. Sediment columns can be dated using AMS radiocarbon dates from tiny pieces of charcoal in the sediments. Pollen and phytoliths recovered from soils can provide data about the predominant climate; stable isotope analysis can suggest plant colony type dominance. Tiny artifacts such as micro-debitage can appear in soil columns. Identifying periods when the amount of soil deposited within a given time increases steeply can be an indication of increased erosion  after adjacent land was cleared. Sources and Studies Feller, Eric J., R. S. Anderson, and Peter A. Koehler 1997 Late Quaternary Paleoenvironments of the White River Plateau, Colorado, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 29(1):53-62. Head, Lesley 1989 Using palaeoecology to date Aboriginal fish-traps at Lake Condah, Victoria. Archaeology in Oceania 24:110-115. Horrocks, M., et al. 2004 Microbotanical remains reveal Polynesian agriculture and mixed cropping in early New Zealand. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 131:147-157. Kelso, Gerald K. 1994 Palynology in historical rural-landscape studies: Great Meadows, Pennsylvania. American Antiquity 59(2):359-372. Londoà ±o, Ana C. 2008 Pattern and rate of erosion inferred from Inca agricultural terraces in arid southern Peru. Geomorphology 99(1-4):13-25. Lupo, Liliana C., et al. 2006 Climate and human impact during the past 2000 years as recorded in the Lagunas de Yala, Jujuy, northwestern Argentina. Quaternary International 158:30–43. Tsartsidou, Georgia, Simcha Lev-Yadun, Nikos Efstratiou, and Steve Weiner 2008 Ethnoarchaeological study of phytolith assemblages from an agro-pastoral village in Northern Greece (Sarakini): development and application of a Phytolith Difference Index. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):600-613.

Analysis Of John Donne s Holy Sonnet Xiv - 1976 Words

In Holy Sonnet XIV, John Donne directly addresses God using a desperate and forceful tone. The formal structure of Donne s holy sonnet follows the basic Petrarchan sonnet form. The sonnet has fourteen lines divided into an octave and a sestet. The rhyme scheme of the octave is abba abba. The sestet has the rhyme scheme cdcdee. Donne expresses his spiritual turmoil and longing by using this structure to present different metaphors that illustrate his condition, and he uses Petrarchan conventions to further highlight his spiritual desires. The octave introduces and illustrates the spiritual difficulty that Donne finds himself in trapped in, and wants God to take him out of. The first line starts with Donne s desperate and urgent command to God to batter or violently beat his heart (1). Donne uses the metaphor of his heart as a metal object, and God as a metal smith to support this command. Donne s heart is a broken object that the metal smith has gently stroked, breathed on to shin e, and polished, in order to fix the broken parts. However, Donne claims that this is not enough. The metal smith needs to break, blow, burn in order to make the object new (4). The metal smith must apply more force to shatter the object, and then place it into the fire to melt, so the metal can be purified and new. Donne seems to be telling God that his heart is too broken by sin to be mended through God s normal ways of opening the heart to faith again. God needs to bend

Intercontinental Group Hotels Based In US †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Intercontinental Group Hotels Based In US? Answer: Introducation Hotel Indigo is one of the InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) launched in 2003 in US. Since then, it has experienced a rapid growth that has seen it operating in all the four regions of IHGs. It is taken a position in the sector as an upscale boutique brand which specializes in delivering a refreshing and inviting guest experience. Although it is set to double in size the portfolio in the coming years. Currently, there are 70 Hotel Indigo branches found within US and other continents like Asia, United Kingdom, Costa Rica and Canada (IHG, 2017, p. 2). There are more than 9,515 open rooms. In 2011, Hotel Indigo was ranked highest in guest satisfaction by the 2011th North America Hotel Guest Satisfaction Index Study. This was made possible by the dedicated staff at the hotel. In fact, the 2010 IHG employee survey showed that 93% of Hotel Indigo employees love working here (IHG, 2017, p. 2). Some of the services offered by Hotel Indigo include; Bar/bistro, 24 hour business center and fitness studio, spa-inspired bathrooms, plush bedding, luxurious guest rooms, gust loyalty programs and locally reflective designs. Moreover, the hotel provides a Priority Club Rewards system that has more than 61 million members (IHG, 2017, p. 2). This is the largest number in the hotel industry. Campaign strategy Developing a strategy needs an extensive research to understand the business environment and main competitors. I hereby provide three strategies that could be used by the management to move the business forward. The alternatives for the company are; concentric diversification, market development and market penetration. These strategies are built on the nature of hotel management like our clients and suppliers. If implemented well, these strategies will result to an increase in sales and the general profitability of Hotel Indigo. Then a decision matrix is provided to help arrive at the best alternative. Concentric diversification strategy This strategy involves adding new or related products to the market. For example, in Britain, the National Westminister Bank PLC bought Legal General Group PLC.As a result, the company recorded higher profits in consequent years (Christopher, 2016, p. 35). To make this strategy efficient, Hotel Indigo will need to have a strong management team that can handle change effectively. Possibly they may experience an initial decrease in hotel bookings because more customers will be reluctant to experience new services. The management team will need to take charge and assure staff and clients that there is no need for worry because things will improve once customers have familiarized with the new services. Market development strategy This strategy involves introducing present products and services into a new geographic area. For example, Khuzendar Company that deals in tiles introduced its products in the Gulf region (Ray, 2016, p. 42). As a result, the company made more profits and instilled customer loyalty among its customers in that region. Hotel Indigo needs to apply this strategy to introduce hospitality services to markets in other regions apart from the US, UK, China and Canada. For example, there is an increase in demand for hospitality organizations in countries like Rwanda which is experiencing an increase in the number of tourists coming to see wildlife. Meaning, this industry is gradually becoming global justifying the need for Hotel Indigo to expand to other regions worldwide. However, the management should be ready to hire more staff since expansion means a larger workforce. Also, more resources are needed to do market research in terms of cultural orientations Market penetration This strategy is used by a business when it is seeking increased marketing share through intensive marketing programs. For example, Ameritrade doubled their advertising revenues to $200 million (Ray, 2016, p. 43). This move convinced consumers that the company was in a position to make wise investment decisions. Hotel Indigo should use this strategy to increase the rate of usage of services by customers. This is because the hotel and hospitality management industry is not saturated (Christopher, 2016, p. 36). Moreover, the market share of big players in the industry is gradually declining hence Hotel Indigo can make good use of this opportunity by penetrating the market more. The social marketing theory outlines elements that could be used by Hotel Indigo to increase market share. The main objective of this theory is to understand ways in which psychological and societal aspects work and lead to effective mass media campaigns. Therefore, the theory is directed towards helping identify the various social and psychological barriers that challenge the free flow of information in mass media and suggest ways to overcome the same. For the purpose of market penetration campaign strategy, it would be best to focus on three elements of this theory; creating messages, right audience target and reinforcing messages. Usually, the first step in selling an idea, behavior or product is through making people aware of its existence. This can be done through readily available channels like traditional and electronic media. Having a saturation television has for a long time been preferred as the best way of creating awareness. However, due to its high nature, people have come to adopt new media like the Internet whose main strength is it wide audience reach. Specifically, seeking the services of the Internet helps to reach young people, who do not use traditional media like television and newspaper frequently. Every type of information has its designated target. This theory holds that before packaging and disseminating information, an analysis should first be done to determine the specific audience that requires the information (Truong, 2015, p. 238). This helps in identifying the efficient and appropriate means of transmitting the message. Additionally, it helps in cutting costS and ensures that the message has reached a wide audience. Similarly, the effectiveness of a message depends on the extent of reinforcement. This is because people tend to forget new messages hence it is necessary to ensure that they are repeatedly reminded of it (Morschett, 2017, p. 85). This is the main idea of reinforcing a message; ensuring that the information does not go with the wind. Reinforcement can be done through a variety of channels such as using mass media; conducting debates over ways in the message can be reinforced, carrying out group discussions etc. Eventually, people are transformed into agents of the massage through reinforcement. To influence decisions, people may follow different paths depending on the set goals set. Theories are not only bodies of knowledge but they also aid in decision making hence often applied by many organizations to improve quality and productivity (Silva, 2015, p. 87). Social marketing theory is directed towards helping identify the various social and psychological barriers that challenge the free flow of information in mass media and suggest ways to overcome the same. Therefore, Hotel Indigo can improve its market share through making more people aware of their food delivery services and the future plans to accommodate more products in their list. Key decision-criteria Evaluating strategic alternatives is a difficult task. This is because the decision should be meet a certain criteria to be implemented. This report uses the decision matrix to weigh the three alternatives suggested. The group gives out the criteria to evaluate the alternatives. The factors to be tested are: profitability, customer satisfaction, acceptable risk, flexibility, and implementation ease and employee morale. All criteria are equal hence a simple ranking order is best for this project. We have used a 1-5 ranking. 1 refers to the method that least meets criteria and 5 indicate the method that best meets the criteria. The following is a decision matrix we used to weigh the alternatives. Decision matrix Alternatives Concentric Diversification market development Market penetration Criteria Profitability 4 3 5 customer satisfaction 2 3 4 Acceptable risks 2 4 3 Flexibility 2 2 3 Implementation ease 3 3 5 Employee morale 4 5 3 Totals 17 20 23 From this matrix, it is seen that market penetration is the best alternative for Hotel. It will help the company achieve competitive advantage through delivering a luxurious hotel experience that cannot be found in or matched with any other hotel. Also, it will help the hotel maintain its position in the hotel industry market shares. Target market for market penetration The target market for this campaign strategy is divided in three categories; demographics, behavioral and attitudinal. In terms of demographic, the target market consists of 50% male and 50% female. They should be between 35 and 54 years who are married (IHG, 2017, p. 3). They may also have children. Lastly, in this category, the market is made up of people graduates earning between $70,000 and $200,000. In terms of behavior, this campaign is directed at people who like staying at the hotel for both leisure and business. Also, it is directed at people looking for something different and brand benefits (Babbie, 2015). More importantly, the campaign is directed at people who are passionate about intimacy and personalized experience. Lastly, in terms of attitudes, the market penetration strategy is targeted at people in developed countries who are lovers of technology and use it for most daily activities. People in this category love traveling and exploring but are less worried about over the top service (Babbie, 2015, p. 57). Similarly, they have an eye for design because Hotel Indigo is passionate about customizing hotel rooms and experiences to local cultures. Competition The main competitors of Hotel Indigo are Holiday Inn, Crowne Plaza, Staybridge Suites and Candlewood suites. One of the qualities that make customers prefer competitors over them is budget. Compared to the 4 hotels, Hotel Indigo charges higher rates. This means that during harsh economic times, customers prefer competitors for offering services within their budget. According to IHG hotels survey conducted in 2010, the hotel industry experienced a shift in market share. For example, in the previous survey, Holiday Inn had a 3% market share in the hotel industry but by 2010, the number increased to make up 5% (Grant, 2016, p. 32). This shows that there is stiff competition between players thus a need for Hotel Indigo to implement a campaign strategy that will increase demand for their services worldwide. This can be made through increased marketing programs that use social media. This channel is effective because of new trends in the target population. Today, people prefer to use the Internet for activities like shopping, education and entertainment. Therefore, it is more convenient for them to search for information regarding Hotel Indigo through social media pages or referential from friends who have used the social media and watched TV adverts. Hotel Indigos main competitors have not yet implemented market penetration campaign using social media. This is a big opportunity for Hotel Indigo. If implemented effectively, it could increase its market share, productivity and profitability. Communication channels For this campaign, we shall use social media as a channel of communicating about our brand, create unique content, optimize content, follow-through and track results. Social media consists of platforms like Website, Facebook, Youtube and Twitter (Haddon, 2016, p. 8). The following diagram shows how we shall use social media to enable the market penetration strategy through providing information, starting interesting conversations online, answering customer questions and helping in travel plan: Increased and improved use of social media in market penetration will enable Hotel Indigo achieve three main things; Creating new demand, converting lookers to bookers and retaining guests. In creating demand, it will ensure that the brand is exposed to new potential customers in compelling and relevant ways (Ray, 2016, p. 46). Consequently, we will achieve more calls, clicks and visits. Similarly, it will ensure that people who visit the social media sites are persuaded to make new bookings because of finding options satisfying their needs. Lastly, using social media will help in retaining our guests. This is through ensuring that what we have promised on the sites is seen through hotel experience. Promotional mix The main element of promotional mix to be used in market penetration is advertising. It is a form of non-personal promotion. Therefore, the company will be required to pay various media outlets to promote the features of Hotel Indigos services. Because the company has hotels worldwide, it would be best to use a medium that has a wide coverage. For example, it could international TV stations like CNN and BBC. Using these channels will equally contribute to increase in demand for our hotels in regions where we are not yet established. It will also make customers used to our hotel experience to continue booking us. Advertising will contain information on the locations of the hotels, website, booking processes and neighborhood features finanacial. This element of promotional mix will increase the rate of bookings thus increasing profitability. In addition to advertising, the hotel could also employ public relations. This method will not only reinforce the advertising messages but also create customer loyalty and favorable image for the hotel. For example, the hotel can give regular news releases announcing its progress. Also, it can take part in community projects. Key Performance Indicators To know the progress of a strategy, it must me measures against to show its success, failure or weakness. In this section of the report, the KIPs of market penetration strategy are explained. Occupancy This is the percentage of available rooms occupied during a particular period. This metric is essential in measuring the performance of a strategy by demonstrating the efficiency and effect on the operations of the hotel (Jorgensen, 2016, p. 339). In context of market penetration strategy, it will help in identifying the increase in Indigo Hotel bookings. Average Room Rate (ARR) This metric is used to measure the average price paid per available room. This way, it enables the hotel to measure profitability and financial performance of the strategy (Jorgensen, 2016, p. 340). If the prices of rooms go higher because of increase in demand resulting from the company having new visitors and customers, then the strategy would be effective and should continue to be implemented. Revenue Per Available Room (RevPar) It is used to measure the average room revenue per available room. It is best suited for conducting a comparative study of past and current performance (Jorgensen, 2016, p. 342). It is usually viewed using other factors like profitability and financial performance. In the context of market penetration strategy, this metric helps in understanding comparing the cost of the marketing programs and revenue generated from rooms. Market occupancy This metric is used to measure the demand for rooms using the average supply in a particular market (Jorgensen, 2016, p. 343). This is made possible by data on the performance of hotel industry on internet sites like Trending. If there are increases in demand for Hotel Indigo rooms in a particular region, this would mean that the hotel is making progress in that area hence contributing to the general profitability of the hotel. Market penetration index This measures the occupancy of the hotel in relation to market occupancy levels. It helps in indicating the market control of hotels based on operational parameters (Jorgensen, 2016, p. 344). This KPI enables companies to assess performance in comparison to competitors in the market. It helps in improving competitive advantage. Budget Item Price days Total 1 Website designer $650 4 $2600 2 Advertising on CNN $5,000 for 30 seconds 30 $150,000 3 Website (Home page lead feature) $1500 4(per week) $6,000 4 E-newsletter $100 4 (per week) $400 Total monthly budget $159,000 This program should be run for 3 months. The web designer is necessary to improve the outlook of the hotels website and other social media pages. In conclusion, this report proposed and analyzed the market penetration campaign strategy to be used by Hotel Indigo. Also, it provided the communication channels best suited for market penetration and Key Performance Indicators to be used in assessing the performance of the strategy. Implementing a strategy is a process that needs cooperation and collaboration to be successful. Therefore, I would recommend that all stakeholders be included in the process. References List Babbie, E. (2015). The Practice of Social Research. Nelson Education . Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Haddon, L. (2016). The Social Dynamics of Information Communication Technologies. The Journal Of Internet Banking and Commerce , 5-12. Hubble, E. (2017, February 7). 7 Food Delivery Industry Trends for 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017, from https://www.veinteractive.com IHG. (2017). Our Story. Retrieved August 30, 2017, from IHG: https://www.ihg.com Morschett, R. G. (2017). Determining the Target Markets. In Developing International Strategies , 85-104. Ray, J. (2016). Abercrombie Fitch: A Strategic Position. Silva, E. (2015). Social marketing for women's health control. Journal of social marketing , 89-97. Truong, V. (2015). Social marketing quarterly. Elsevier , 230-248.

Elizabeth Smith articulating the actor Essay Example For Students

Elizabeth Smith: articulating the actor Essay George Bernard Shaw once wrote of Henry Higgins in Pygmalion, The reformer we need most today is an energetic phonetic enthusiast: that is why I have made such a one the hero of a popular play. Today, Shaws hero could easily be Elizabeth Smith. For more than 30 years, Smith, a vocal consultant and dialect coach, has been teaching actors across the country to speak clearly, project their voices, control their breathing and articulate the written word. It seems appropriate then that one of Smiths most recent projects was coaching Richard Chamberlain and Melissa Errico for their roles as Higgins and Eliza in the new Broadway production of My Fair Lady. Smith speaks modestly about what she does and insists the actors are the real heroes. But when renowned actor Brian Bedford, who worked with Smith more than 10 years ago gets on the phone and quickly slips into buh-duh-guh-dah, guh-duh-buh-dah, the vocal routine she taught him when he was playing Hamlet in Stratford, Conn., you know Smiths influence is far-reaching and vast, and you get a sense that shes helped mold a few flower girls into duchesses in her day. Liz is great, says Bedford. I worked with Lizs mentor, Clifford Turner, at the Royal Academy in London, and I actually thought Liz was better because she improved his training techniques. The sound Liz achieves is more natural and dynamic. Smith, who has instructed such actors as Kevin Kline, Kelly McGillis, Tom Hulce, Stacy Keach, Amy Irving and Dustin Hoffman, says the fascinating thing about voice is that there arent any blueprints. Everyone is different. There are nonetheless certain basic principles, and as Smith tries to explain them, she gets frustrated trying to put into words what is best conveyed one-on-one in the private time between a teacher and a student. I really hate talking about voice because it always sounds vague and mystical and part of it is mystical, she says. The mind and the heart and the spirit are very much involved in it. George Bernard Shaw once wrote of Henry Higgins in Pygmalion, The reformer we need most today is an energetic phonetic enthusiast: that is why I have made such a one the hero of a popular play. Today, Shaws hero could easily be Elizabeth Smith. For more than 30 years, Smith, a vocal consultant and dialect coach, has been teaching actors across the country to speak clearly, project their voices, control their breathing and articulate the written word. It seems appropriate then that one of Smiths most recent projects was coaching Richard Chamberlain and Melissa Errico for their roles as Higgins and Eliza in the new Broadway production of My Fair Lady. Smith speaks modestly about what she does and insists the actors are the real heroes. But when renowned actor Brian Bedford, who worked with Smith more than 10 years ago gets on the phone and quickly slips into buh-duh-guh-dah, guh-duh-buh-dah, the vocal routine she taught him when he was playing Hamlet in Stratford, Conn., you know Smiths influence is far-reaching and vast, and you get a sense that shes helped mold a few flower girls into duchesses in her day. Liz is great, says Bedford. I worked with Lizs mentor, Clifford Turner, at the Royal Academy in London, and I actually thought Liz was better because she improved his training techniques. The sound Liz achieves is more natural and dynamic. Smith, who has instructed such actors as Kevin Kline, Kelly McGillis, Tom Hulce, Stacy Keach, Amy Irving and Dustin Hoffman, says the fascinating thing about voice is that there arent any blueprints. Everyone is different. There are nonetheless certain basic principles, and as Smith tries to explain them, she gets frustrated trying to put into words what is best conveyed one-on-one in the private time between a teacher and a student. I really hate talking about voice because it always sounds vague and mystical and part of it is mystical, she says. The mind and the heart and the spirit are very much involved in it.

The Comparison and Analysis of Sequences

The two sequences taken from Zhang Yimou’s movies Red Sorghum (1987) and The Road Home (1999) can be discussed as the illustrations of the director’s approach to using the theme of exchanging glances in order to emphasize the definite relations between the characters.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Comparison and Analysis of Sequences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, to demonstrate the relations between the woman and the workers and between the young man and the young woman falling in love, Zhang Yimou uses similar and different techniques. The main feature which connects both the sequences is the theme of reflecting feelings through exchanging glances, but to pay attention to the sequences’ other similarities and differences, it is necessary to focus on such formal elements as the mise-en-scene, shot number, image size, camera movement, editing, and sound. The nature of relationsh ips between the characters and the style of mise-en-scenes are rather different, but the fact of the relations’ existence is accentuated with references to definite techniques and the theme of exchanging glances. Zhang Yimou uses the same technique in his two movies because of its effectiveness to provide the definite message to the audience. The helpfulness of manipulating the theme of the glance exchange depends on the successful mise-en-scenes. A mise-en-scene is a complex picture which includes composition, sets, actors, and lighting in their combination to present the definite author’s idea. The mise-en-scenes in Red Sorghum and The Road Home are similar in relation to some specific features. Thus, the mise-en-scenes in two sequences are based on the characters’ looking at each other when one character stays rather motionless, and the other character goes forth turning around to look at the other person several times. Moreover, the faces of the main charact ers are in the focus, and they are often centered, depicting from a short distance to emphasize the glance. There are presentations of the women who come forth turning back to the audience in Red Sorghum and The Road Home as rather long shots before the final shots of the sequences. The composition of the mise-en-scenes is also similar because there are groups of people presented in the scene, but they are not in the focus in comparison to the main characters. The women in both sequences are presented alone when the male characters belong to the certain group of people depicted in the scene. However, mise-en-scenes are different in using the lighting and colors. Thus, the sequence from Red Sorghum is started in red in black colors to reflect the tension of the characters’ feelings in the mise-en-scene when the sequence from The Road Home is in vivid and sunny colors to emphasize the positive feelings of the characters.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let' s see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The atmosphere of the scene and the feelings of the characters are also represented with the help of the shot number. The negative tension of the scene from Red Sorghum is presented through ten shots which are different in their length and image size. Long shots help feel the characters’ tension and worry. Shots in The Road Home are also different in length, but this difference is intentional and the quick shift of the shots helps reflect the romantic anxiety of the characters. Thus, the shot number of the sequence from The Road Home is about fifteen shots. The shot number in two sequences is different, but the approach to the image size is similar. The audience concentrates on the characters’ exchange of glances and the nature of this exchange with references to presenting the characters’ close-ups. Close-ups in both sequences are short in length, but they are vivid. The audience ha s the opportunity to guess about the characters’ feelings with the help of interpreting the emotions on their faces. Close-ups in The Road Home present the smiling faces of the characters who have interest to each other when close-ups in Red Sorghum present the tense face of the man and the inducing face of the woman (â€Å"The Road Home†; â€Å"Red Sorghum†). These close-ups are effective to observe the difference in relations of the two pairs discussed. It is also possible to focus on the speed of the characters’ movements in shots. The number of shots in The Road Home sequence is correlated with the tempo of the characters’ movements, and the number of shots in the sequence from Red Sorghum is smaller as well as the speed of the characters’ motions is slower. Furthermore, there are some differences in using short and long shots. Thus, long shots taken from a large distance are characteristic for the sequence in The Road Home. As it was s tated earlier, the director draws the audience’s attention to the women’s turning round while they are going forth to exchange the glances one more time. Thus, the camera follows the women’s movement in both sequences. However, the variation of the camera movement is more characteristic for the sequence from The Road Home when the camera does not only horizontal movements to follow the character but also vertical movements to emphasize the scene of giving the basket. Therefore, the particular features of editing in both sequences depend on the shot number and their length. The director uses the combination of long shots in Red Sorghum where editing is used to determine one man among the group of the other men and accentuate the woman’s intention to exchange the glances with this man.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Comparison and Analysis of Sequences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Editing in The Road Home is based on the combination of diverse short and long shots as well as shots presented from distance and close-ups in the complex picture. It is also important to pay attention to the specifics of editing when main characters from the sequence in The Road Home exchange glances while passing near each other. The shift of shots is quick and it helps to see the picture from both perspectives. The combination of the sound and image is one more effective technique to represent the characters’ feelings and the nature of relations between them. The sounds associated with the sequences in Red Sorghum and The Road Home are extremely different. The sequence in Red Sorghum is accompanied by the natural sounds and noises reflecting the surroundings of the mise-en-scene, and rare shouts of the man are heard to stress on the pressure and tension represented in the scene. The mise-en-scene from The Road Home is accompanied by light sounds of the romantic music t o reflect the mood of the characters. Thus, the sound is connected with the images according to the scene’s atmosphere and main message. The sequences from Red Sorghum and The Road Home represent the action of exchanging glances between the main characters of the movies. However, the nature of relations between these persons is different as well as the techniques used by the director to stress on this difference. Works Cited Red Sorghum. 1987. Video file. 18 March 2013. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093206/. The Road Home. 1999. Video file. 18 March 2013. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0235060/. This essay on The Comparison and Analysis of Sequences was written and submitted by user Veronica Quinn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Rave Culture

RAVE CULTURE This essay will explain rave culture. The reason that I chose to research and write on this topic is that I am involved with rave scene and enjoy going to â€Å"raves.† From researching this topic I discovered that rave culture displays many of life’s simple pleasures, such as dancing. Over the last 10-15 years, a new trend of parties has been evolving. These gatherings are known in the media as raves, and are often simply called parties by those attending them. A rave is an all night event where usually young people gather in a social atmosphere while listening to hypnotic dance music. These parties have slowly evolved into spectacles of total sensory overload. The first is the social aspects, unhindered freedom of expression of ones self through dance, dress or any other mean without fear of ridicule from others. The second is the dancing and its often quasi-spiritual effects on those partaking. The key to the success of raves is the positive atmosphere, or "vibe". Raves are renowned for people's acceptability and tolerance for others. They are safe havens for people who wish to be free from social pressures. Because of this, many ravers (person who attends these parties) are dressed differently then people you would normally see. Bright colors, clothing with different textures and feel, and generally clothes that is very comfortable to dance with. A sense of unity is formed between the partygoers, they attempt to form a community of sorts through there individuality. People feel free to go up to strangers and start up conversations. They also become very comfortable with everyone around them and try to share this feeling with others. This is a very important part of the whole Rave experience. When this occurs, then the "party kids" can truly feel free to be themselves in every way. This is something quite rare in today's commercialized society which often dictates wh! at is normal, and what isn't. Rave mu... Free Essays on Rave Culture Free Essays on Rave Culture RAVE CULTURE This essay will explain rave culture. The reason that I chose to research and write on this topic is that I am involved with rave scene and enjoy going to â€Å"raves.† From researching this topic I discovered that rave culture displays many of life’s simple pleasures, such as dancing. Over the last 10-15 years, a new trend of parties has been evolving. These gatherings are known in the media as raves, and are often simply called parties by those attending them. A rave is an all night event where usually young people gather in a social atmosphere while listening to hypnotic dance music. These parties have slowly evolved into spectacles of total sensory overload. The first is the social aspects, unhindered freedom of expression of ones self through dance, dress or any other mean without fear of ridicule from others. The second is the dancing and its often quasi-spiritual effects on those partaking. The key to the success of raves is the positive atmosphere, or "vibe". Raves are renowned for people's acceptability and tolerance for others. They are safe havens for people who wish to be free from social pressures. Because of this, many ravers (person who attends these parties) are dressed differently then people you would normally see. Bright colors, clothing with different textures and feel, and generally clothes that is very comfortable to dance with. A sense of unity is formed between the partygoers, they attempt to form a community of sorts through there individuality. People feel free to go up to strangers and start up conversations. They also become very comfortable with everyone around them and try to share this feeling with others. This is a very important part of the whole Rave experience. When this occurs, then the "party kids" can truly feel free to be themselves in every way. This is something quite rare in today's commercialized society which often dictates wh! at is normal, and what isn't. Rave mu...

Computerized physician order entry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computerized physician order entry - Term Paper Example CPOE, permits order entry at point of entry or in offsite locations. The system also decreases transcription and handwriting errors. Further, CPOE allows for error checking of incorrect or duplicate tests or doses for patients. It streamlines healthcare institutions posting of charges and inventory (Hussein, Zaidise, & Linn, 2013).CPOE represents an operational tool that provides evidence based and real-time decision support for the physicians. Various stakeholders such as the Government, physicians, community, and employers need to have a coordinated plan for the evaluation and adoption of CPOE (Muzyk, 2013). This can help to increase the rate of adoption of the technology by hospitals. Therefore, this paper will discuss the computerized physical order entry as a system that is important in the running of the hospital. During the late eighties, hospitals started implementing CPOE. By 1999, various hospitals had computerized most of their medications (Cohn, 2011). Utilization of CPOE is in all orders of inpatient units like referrals, tests, patient care, and medications. Adoption of CPOE faced some barriers. Initially there was lack of involvement of clinicians in CPOE adoption, substandard reliability, and functionality of technology (Kudyba, 2010). There was lack of standardization of some of the medical terminologies. Most hospitals also faced inadequate long-term financial commitment in the implementation. Poor planning is also a barrier to the implementation of CPOE. At the same time, sociological barriers in the use of CPOE exist. Shifts in physical work practices persist due to the increased time that physicians take to enter orders. CPOE implementation impact in the resources, commitment, and efforts is great. Technical properties: The electronic process provides health workers with a chance to enter orders electronically. Physicians are in a good position to manage and control the results of ordered entries. Companies encourage adoption of

Data Collection And Analysis For India Coursework

Data Collection And Analysis For India - Coursework Example Recently, this gap has been realized and the officials are taking actions to rectify the situation. 40% of the investments made for the development of the railway system is expected to come from the private sector. There are few Public-Private-Partnership programs that have initiated the developmental programs in this sector. New railway routes for cargo trains have been placed between Mumbai and Delhi; Delhi and Kolkata so as to bridge the distance in trade. The metro railways are also developed in order to increase satisfaction and convenience of passengers.Indian roads are congested, which is mainly due to increase in a number of vehicles over years. The annual growth is recorded to be 12% and 10%. The Indian government has estimated that $90 billion is required for improving roads and highways of the country. Several projects are planned via the National Highway Development Program (NHDP), which anticipates expanding roadway to around 13,000 km. The highways have helped to reduce traffic congestion (ProceWaterHouseCopopers, 2014; Equitymaster Agora Research Private Limited, 2014). Telecommunication sector in India is built around few segments such as USOF, licensing, FDI, spectrum, security and consumer affordability. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) was the most renowned telecom provider in the Indian market. The company had obtained a large market share in the telecom industry, but the emergence of a number of private companies like, Airtel and Vodafone, had threatened the existence of BSNL.

Teaching Science During the Early Childhood Years Essay

Teaching Science During the Early Childhood Years - Essay Example These professionals include all the individuals who directly serve children right from their through the age of 8 (Who are Early Childhood Professionals). Thus such schools and centers help in the initial development of mental, physical and social growth of the child along with education. The importance of educators in these centers is evident from the fact that children in early childhood education programs require teachers who are not only academically qualified but also have a sound knowledge in child development. Instead a high-quality support system should be offered to teachers in addition to a competent pay package and opportunities for professional development (Hyson, Tomlinson and Carol). In order to gain high-quality knowledge on early childhood education it is necessary to enroll in programs that are based on the National Association for the Education of Young Children Standards (NAEYC) which help prepare graduates competently for this profession as it not only includes ch ildhood education but also concentrates on learning the overall development of the child, to effectively communicate with the families, using assessments appropriately and altogether helps in becoming a through professional in this field.

Impact of Job Stress on Employee Performance

Impact of Job Stress on Employee Performance CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND People at work worry about all sorts of things like increasing competition for jobs, change in culture, globalization, terrorism, new technology looking after aging parent and relatives, annual performance appraisals, outsourcing of jobs along with increased demand of employer for higher productivity. At times, these and some other different factors make the employees to go through certain pressures when they have to meet deadlines, cope up with some kind of strange but critical situations. They need to become accustomed to the cultural changes of the organization, learn new procedures and timely attend meetings along with being innovative. Looking at these situations, at first hand, appear to be the integral part of any job but when we look deeper and closer at all these, they are nothing but stressors which cause hindrance to the performance thus causing damage to the productivity and performance of the organization on the whole. All the good organizations take necessary concern an d exerciseextreme care and foresightwith reference to job stress. So they, in their own larger interest, take very good care of their employees, value them, invest in them and work extra mile to cope their problems and fulfill their needs. Work place pressure is growing day by day, people face changing economic and business situations, changing customer expectations and changing expectations from their own role and position in the organization (Moten, 2009). Therefore, there are three issues that arise in considering effect of job-related stress on individual organizations and the economy in general which are: how should work-related stress be specified, what determines its presence at the workplace and what is its importance as a predictor of individuals behavior? Nearly everyone agrees that job stress results from the interaction of the worker and the conditions of work. Views differ, however, on the importance of worker characteristics versus working conditions as the primary cause of job stress. These differing viewpoints are important because they suggest different ways to prevent stress at work. Performance is defined as the results and accomplishments cherished by the organization or system that one works in. It is natural that the working environment of the system where people work directly affects performance of human beings. People need work that motivates them with healthy working conditions, and the chance to play a part in social surroundings of work and to feel valued. Stressful working situations and conditions, arising from any of above mentioned factors, can directly or indirectly effect on job performance of the employee. Work place pressure affects the performance at a greater extent and it need to be dealt with carefully. Stress at a greater level on the other hand is harmful and has a negative effect on performance of employees over the long term as it wears down an individual and underutilizes his or her energy resources. High levels of stress can cause, low morale at work, fatigue, late comings, absenteeism and trouble in getting along with other team members or co-workers. Recently many organizations are becoming responsive towards increasing cost of occupational stress, not only in human and financial terms but also to the national economy in general. The cost of replacing an employee who is underperforming owing to stress is between 50 to 90 % of his salary (Personnel Management, Factsheet 7, July 1998). Job stress is as much a corporate business issue as it is a health issue for organizations. Job stress charge American businesses billions of dollars a year in employee burnout, low morale, turnover, higher absenteeism, lower performance and increased health care costs. The American Psychological Association estimates that 60 percent of all absences and late comings are because of issues related to stress, costing American companies about $57 billion in a year. Thus the study aims to find the impact of job stress on employees performance. As it is obvious that no one can work to its optimum level when s/he is under stress. Under severe stress, an individual fails to take clear-cut decisions, reevaluate and reassess the priorities and lifestyles, and ultimately, tend to fall into unproductive distractions. This can be described as a classic case of burnout. The burnouts often engage in reckless or risk-taking behaviors. Starting from glamour and sport celebrities to common men, burnouts are found everywhere. Often burnout will manifest itself in a reduction in motivation, volume and quality of performance, or in dissatisfaction with or departure from the activity altogether. PROBLEM STATEMENT Moten suggested that employee performance is declining due to the on the job activities and managerial policies. On the basis of her findings we are researching that Work activities and culture effect the work performance and behavioral performance in positive or negative way. RATIONAL FOR THE STUDY The framework of this project is inspired by the work of Motens research conducted in 2009. Her work consisted of several variables and its effect on employees. Our aim to conduct the research is to verify the effect of work activities and culture on the work and behavioral performance of employees. These variables have several dimensions. Thus it will help PTCL, in particular, and other organization to find the reasons of the difference in actual performance and the expected performance. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The macro objectives of this study are: To determine the causes of job stress in a workplace. To find out the effect of job stress on the performance of the employees. To determine the factors that can reduce the job stress at PTCL. How Stress at work can be prevented or reduced? The micro objectives are: To determine the effect of work activities on the work performance and behavioral performance of employees of PTCL To determine the effect of culture on work performance and behavioral performance of employees at PTCL. THEORATICAL FRAME WORK Independent Variables Work activities and culture were the independent variable of the study. All the job conditions that may lead to stress are the result of stressors and can be used to measure the stress. Work activities Includes multi-tasking, strict deadlines and work load on employees Culture It includes support from Boss/ Supervisor and Management style of Boss/ Supervisor. Dependent Variables Dependent variable for the study is Work Performance and Behavioral Performance of the employees. Performance is the outcomes and accomplishments of the employees that are valued by the organization. It determines the success of the organization or we can say that success of any organization depends on the performance of its employees. The different dimensions of work performance are: Completion of given tasks Sense of Responsibility And the dimensions of Behavioral Performance are: Satisfaction level Low Morale For more clarity see the model (1.5.1) given below. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Type of Study The study being conducted is descriptive in nature. Using this mode of analysis is favored to smooth the progress of study, establish and be able to describe the characteristics of a group in a situation. Descriptive study used helped to present and analyze the data in significant form. It also helped to understand the effects of job stress on the employee performance at PTCL. Type of Investigation The study is co-relational. The researcher identified the factors that cause stress among employees in PTCL and in turn how the performance of these stressed employees gets effect. Many factors were known as vital reason of the stress depending on the host as well. Any of these factors can cause stress but at times they all act as stressors. Sampling Method and Type of data collected Non-Probability sampling method was selected to collect the data from the population and the data gathered was qualitative in nature. Population and Sample size The study is about the performance of employees under job stress. The population for this study will be employees of PTCL. The sample size for this study is 100 employees of PTCL. Research Instrument Research approach was basically qualitative. But data was analyzed by both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Research topic was related to the Employee Performance under Job Stress. The research type was quantitative because after getting the response from sample through questionnaire the results extended from data were in numerical form and presented in the form of charts and graph. The research type was qualitative since it included literature review industrial and organizational analysis along with survey analysis. Data collection Data for this research was collected in two phases. Firstly data was collected for the use of literature review. For this purpose all the secondary sources like books, Internet, magazines, articles etc were consulted. Previous researches of many researchers regarding stress and performance were studied. Data was gathered from several journals, books, articles, reviews and Internet. Then a questionnaire was prepared to collect the data from the sample regarding the impact of these stress factors/variables on employee performance. The primary data was gathered from the sample personally. The permission from the organization was sought with reference to university. Questionnaire was distributed among the employees and was requested to fill it in within 3 days. Participants were free to inquire anything regarding the material on questionnaire or the research. This helped to trim down their doubts. LIMITATTIONS Regarding the limitations of the study, it may be reiterate due to scarcity of the resources and time constraints. A nationally representative sample could not be used. The study must cover the nation to obtain finding, which can be generalized with confidence. The study is designed to focus on the employee performance under job stress in one organization it cannot be generalized on the whole industry. Due to the significance of the topic, research carried out should be on national level. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This part of the study provides the literature available on the research topic. It includes the citation from the previous works and theories done by different researchers. This helps to assist the research process and gains insight and in-depth knowledge about the subject and problems that are considered critical to this whole work. The sources of literature, studies, information, surveys and reports through articles have indeed enlighten and given us as a researcher proper direction to work and move into. By the help of the review the most important fact that came to researchers knowledge is that very little has been done in regard to cope with Job/workplace stress in Pakistan. To the researchers best knowledge, the current research is the first detailed and comprehensive study that shows the effect of job stress on employee performance in the business field of Pakistan. Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or need of the worker (Sauter and Murphy. 1999). Porter and Streers, (1973) presented the study of occupational stress and its health consequences. It constitutes a major area of research in the behavioral sciences. Studies of specific stress-related illnesses feature prominently in the medical literature, while in occupational psychology work-related stress has been linked to both physical and psychological health problems across a broad section of the working population. Individuals under stress are reported to suffer adverse personal health, including ulcers, high blood pressure, heart attacks or even death and studies in the behavioral sciences have shown that poor employee performance, absenteeism and high labor market turnover are all linked to worker stress. According to James Tighe (June 2000) in his article Stress affecting mental health and physical health contributes that when people experience and feel under impossible pressure at work, meeting dead lines, unsupportive boss, being undervalued and lack of control over the work they lean to work harder and harder to try to close the gap between what theyre achieving and what they think they should be achieving. They stop taking breaks and lose touch with their own needs which creates stress not only in the organization but also disturbs their personal lives. Due to the increased popularity of Call centers Ruyter, K. et al. (2001) examined the causes and outcomes of role stress in a call center setting as a result of the conflicting demands of the company, supervisors, and customers. The participants of the study were 1200 employees of Insurance industry of Netherlands. The findings were that role stress is an originator of job satisfaction that, in turn, is an originator of poor job performance and turnover intention. Both empowerment/autonomy and competence were found to be antecedent conditions for role stress. They also found that while autonomy leads to role stress that leads to job satisfaction, competence has no direct impact on role stress. Another finding was that leadership had less impact in the model. So the researchers suggest that empowerment autonomy seems to have a relatively strong impact in terms of role stress reduction. Thus the employees should be given the freedom to influence pace, working method, and sequence of t asks in dealing with customers. In stressful work environments, it has been emphasized that job rotation and reinforcement of employees faith in their own competencies and skills are particularly useful in increasing job satisfaction. Employee recognition by management as well as strengthening employees confidence in their competence through task-related training programs may be the key to keeping high-performance call center employees. Another research by Lambert, Alysa D. et al. (2008) suggest that employees are so much strained due to different stressors that they readily give up some part of their salary even job. The study was conducted by taking 211 employees of two different organizations as sample. It was a two part on-line survey. Data was analyzed with the help of regression analysis. End results were that many work related factors induce employees to imitate the behavior of their co-workers to seek ways that can make the work schedule a bit flexible. The idea that people who are using flexible working arrangements were more productive is supported by this research also. Mubashir T. and Ghazal, S. (NA) conducted a research identify role of different contributing factors of job stress and to investigate level of stress on those factors among different departments of Walls Unilever Pakistan. And also to find that how job performance is affected by job stress. The sample for the study consisted of 65 employees having different levels of job in five different departments of Walls ICF. The data from the sample was collected through questionnaires. They concluded that Workload, co-workers and repetitive work are the major factors causing stress however a strange finding was that there was no affect of stress on job performance in the selected organization. Moten (2009) is of the view that workplace pressure comes from various factors and is expressed by employees in various behaviors. According to her, job stress is shaped through a range of ways such like interpersonal demands, role demands. Though the sources of these aforementioned types are different, their impacts are the same i.e. Low level of performance. She found out that employees are often thought to complete certain tasks which normally are not their job requirement. Most organizations impose multitasking upon their employees to cope with the recession and cut costs but unintentionally they are doing vice versa. Posing strict deadlines, requiring them attend meetings in very short notice, forcing them work late hours and making them prone to cut-throat competition and mounted work can lead to stress and anxiety. Workers may show signs of fatigue, absenteeism, and low morale. So at workplaces, friendly relations are very much important. Bosses should give their employees som e space to help them cope with the pressure and determining success at work. Stranks (2005) states in his book that stress is a pressure placed on a person beyond his ability to handle. It has a major hidden cost to employers. There are many direct and indirect causes of stress. Anxiety and depression is manifestations of stress so employer should be aware of the fact that employees experience certain types of stress in their lives. Particularly female workers can be subject to many stressors that male colleagues are not prone to. Changes in the organization can be a major reason for stress. There are techniques available for the measurement and evaluation of stress in organizations. So employers must give attention to various forms of human errors and violation at workplace and must find way to identify the traces of stress among their employees. This could be done by analyzing the standards of performance, staff attitude and behavior, relationships at work and sickness absence levels. His investigations in this line area brought out the fact that there is a direct relationship between stress-related human failure and accidents occurring at work. Strategies must be designed and considered at both individual and organizational level. Stress management programs and trainings should be introduced. Glazer Gyurak (2008) carried out a cross-cultural study to find the sources of stress among the nurses of various countries with respect to and free of the cultural influence. They filled a questionnaire regarding stress sources. Results were obtained by performing Chi-square analyses and t-tests. They found that quantitative workload might be a source of stress or anxiety in each country. Similarly leadership, lack of resources, low salary, negative rewards, certain patients and performing certain tasks can lead to stress. So there is a need to tailor occupational stress interventions to deal with the needs of nurses in a specific country, by addressing the specific stressors. Stress management includes taking care of organizational issues like leadership, peer support, organizational culture and policies, work design and reporting arrangements as well as job analysis, staff selection and training to enhance role clarity such that there is a balance between the individual and his work environment. Effective systems for motivation and performance management are essential (Jennifer et al, 2006). Kim (2002) conducted a research to show that participative management has positive effects on the job satisfaction and better communication can improve the performance of employees. The questionnaire was circulated among 4,097 employees of local government agencies. After running the regression analysis on the data collected, researcher found that employees who believe that their managers use participative style of management were more satisfied with their jobs. Also those mangers who applied strategic planning process found their employees to be more productive and easy to deal with. At the end, the researcher relates his findings with job stress and says that if employees are more satisfied they will eventually be less stressed and more productive. Zahavy Freund (2007) examined team effectiveness under stress. The author says that in case of stress team can lose cohesion, members may become dependent on others to avoid faults or lay off their burden or that they may become less effective. In order to avoid these troubles, team structure must be considered a vital aspect. For this purpose, data were collected from 643 members of 73 primary healthcare teams randomly selected from 1200 primary care clinics of the largest health maintenance organization in Israel. Participants filled the questionnaires as advised by the researcher. As a result this study differentiated among qualitative and quantitative stress, suggested that quantitative stress holds back team effectiveness, it also indicated that qualitative stress can enhance team effectiveness. In addition, the results also prove the fact that structure of the team really matters. Researcher suggests that organizations must support standardized routines to block the negative i mpact of quantitative stress on team commitment and effectiveness, and put into practice the ways that encourage self-sufficiency and a systems approach to enhance the positive effects of qualitative stress on team effectiveness. Glazer Beehr (2005) conducted a research to find out the correlation between stressors and how it leads to absenteeism or induce an individual to leave the job. These stressors can include workplace conditions, role ambiguity, role overload and role conflicts or any other issues that can cause anxiousness and strain among employees at workplace. The purpose of study was to observe the effect of these stressors from cultural aspect. So nurses working at hospitals of various countries were the population. Researchers distributed questionnaire among the sample through mail. After filling, nurses mailed back the questionnaires. The results supported the hypothesis that turnover is related to stress at some extent. However culture affects the tolerance level of the stress. Researcher is of the view that some cultures are more prone to stress but people take it for granted and as part of their job. But at some places stress has a great influence over employee and it affects their performa nce as well as expectations from their workplace. Whatever the reason may be to this fact, researcher suggests more investigation in this line. Anxiety Disorders Association of America (2006) conducted a survey research and observed the effect of anxiety disorders and the level of everyday stress in the workplace also. Findings of survey showed that majority of Americans experience stress and anxiety on a daily basis. And this stress is not without impact. For the four in five working persons who say they experience it daily, job stress often takes a toll on performance, quality of work, relationships with bosses and interactions with coworkers. A number of factors were indicated by employees that cause stress. These include deadlines, interpersonal relationships (i.e., interacting with superiors, coworkers, subordinates), staff management and dealing with problems. They also explained that stress affects their performance, relationship with co-workers/peers, quality of work and relationships with immediate superiors. Survey results suggested that people found sleeping a common relief practice for stress. Others are eating, talking to friends, or/and taking drugs. The only thing that people avoid is talking and asking their bosses. This is due to fear of being perceived as incompetent person, poor performer. Pearsall, M. J. et al. (May 2009) investigated the situations where both challenge and hindrance stressors coexist. They took interest in this topic because on the grounds that the positive motivational effects of challenge stressors might to some extent balances the harmful effects of interruption stressors on team outcomes. In an extremely stressful situation, team members will be incapable to split a range of stressors into positive and negative facets, and take into account multiple methods of coping. They are also of the view that in the presence of challenge and hindrance at the same time, team members will appraise the situation as strongly threatening and withdraw to accomplish their task and team responsibilities, reducing their motivation, effort and emotional connection to the team. This response will further hamper the recognition and exchange of expertise- specific information within the team as communication channels shut down and team members struggle to manage their own responsibilities and demands. 332 students from Southwestern University participated in the research and were grouped into 83 four-person teams. Teams had to operate an integrated, computerized, multi-person Distributed Dynamic Decision-making (DDD) simulation task. The results supported the use of the challenge hindrance framework at the team level as well as the central role of transactional theories of stress. That challenge stressors and hindrance stressors stimulate different forms of coping. The results also imply that team members adoption of a collective coping response signifies the team-level techniques underlying the differential effects of challenge and hindrance stressors on behavioral, cognitive, and affective outcomes. The aforementioned line of investigation supported the study conducted by Umiker (1992) which illustrated that Individuals who feel that they are in control of their jobs and their futures, are better able to handle stress. Also that these empowered workers become more productive out of being in control. Results of another study presented by Bushe et al. (1996) authenticate the positive and encouraging affects of employee empowerment which were congregated from increased customer satisfaction and innovation regardless of occupational grouping. Further he says that stress was reduced when a person did no longer have to report to someone daily. When employees are empowered, they take the control over their work which gives them a higher sense of accomplishment. The purpose of empowered work teams in Bushe et al. (1996) research was to reduce costs through fewer overheads and to speed up problem resolution. The organizational outcomes were increased productivity and efficiencies mainly because of quicker response rates through empowerment and removal of organizational barriers. The research also concluded that automation has left workers virtually on call 24 hours a day and has shortened the turnaround time from project conception to completion. Many workers work ten hours a day and co rporate restructuring makes them anxious about their job security. Symptoms of these stressed workers included drops in productivity, changes in work attitude, low morale and increased absenteeism. Reese (1997) Stress is a mental and physical condition, which have an effect on an individuals productivity, effectiveness, personal health and quality of work. Job stresss victims go through lowered quality of work life and job satisfaction. The harmful and costly consequences of stress demonstrate the need of strategies to limit stressors within the organization. Organizations that do not adopt strategies to alleviate stress may find their employees looking elsewhere for better opportunities. The impact of stress from overwork, long hours at work and work intensification has had a major and often devastating effect on organizations of developed nations. In America job stress alone costs American business an estimated $200 billion annually, the UK Â £63 billion and Australia $15 billion. This is the cost for compensation claims, reduced productivity, absenteeism, added health insurance costs and direct medical expenses for stress related illnesses. A recent American Management Asso ciation survey of 292 member firms revealed that per capita disability claims tend to increase when positions are eliminated. The survey, which dealt with layoffs between 1990 and 1995, found that the illnesses disabled workers sought treatment for gastrointestinal problems, mental disorders and substance abuse, hypertension and the like were stress related. Shahu Gole, (2008) have conducted a study to examine the effect of job stress and job satisfaction on performance. The participants for this study were those managers who either currently or previously held a managers post at different manufacturing companies. In total 100 managers from 15 private manufacturing companies completed assessments. The tools for this study were two different assessments. The first tool is job satisfaction instrument (developed by Mishra, R.S., Tiwari, and Manorama). The second tool is occupational stress index. The scale consists of 46 items with 5 alternative responses. The other instrument was a current (2005) performance evaluation that was completed by the executives of the each company. The participants were asked to fill the questionnaire and performance evaluation form. The analysis was conducted through multiple regression analysis and ANOVA. Results showed that job stress is negatively correlated to performance. He found working conditions and r ole overload to be major agreed upon stressors in various organizations and business sectors and low stressed employees tend to give maximum output as compared to high stressed groups. He laid great stress on organizations to seek remedies and work in this particular area in order to improve productivity. According to Melissa Bushman (2007) the common causes of low morale include stress, negativity and gossip within the workplace along with lack of incentive programs. The projected solutions to deal with low morale is increasing employee attitudes and improving attendance. Stress is the most frequent cause of low employee morale. Numerous factors may increase the stress levels of employees, but the major reason that employees experience stress is their relationship with their manager, and it has been proved that highly authoritarian managers are likely to cause an increase in level of absenteeism. Therefore, when absenteeism rates are high in a certain department of company, poor employee relationships with the manager or bosses should be considered. For this purpose management training could be used resolve the issue and avoid problems. Jamal (2005) observed the relationship of job stress and Type-A behavior pattern with employees personal and organizational outcomes in Canada and mainland China. It indicated that job stress is significantly related to burnout, low morale, health problems, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover motivation. Findings also replicated the findings that job stress is related to personal and organizational outcomes. The results also indicated that job stress factors such as work overload, ambiguity and conflict were significantly related to overall burnout. The economic aspect of job stress was studied by Leontaridi Ward (2002). They discussed the factors that can have impact on the performance of employees in an economics context by bringing together all the relevant personal and socio-economic variables while working environment and employment conditions were considered to be contributing to work-related stress resulting in absenteeism, intentions of quitting behavior and turnover. Particularly, the stressful impact of occupation, hours of work and workplace relations on worker with focus on the labor market costs of stress by estimating the importance of work-related stress as a predictor of individuals quitting behavior and rate of absenteeism. The respondents were from 15 OECD countries. Results identify that certain physical and psychologica

Feeding and Fishing: the Issue Facing the U.S. and the Global Community

Feeding and Fishing: the Issue Facing the U.S. and the Global Community â€Å"Give a man a fish, feed him for a day; teach a man to fish, feed him for life.† When translated into agricultural terms, this Chinese proverb confronts the question facing the United States and the global community today. The United States has been providing food for the rest of the world for years. While this illustration of care is commendable, it also has a downside. In the future, and debatably in the present, it is not possible for the United States to continue providing for other countries. An increasing world population, a lack of methods for effectively sharing crop surpluses, and a decrease in the amount of food produced by agriculture has created a situation where it is impossible for the United States to feed the world; instead we must teach the world how to feed, or fish, for themselves. Egypt is a prime example of the U.S. feeding the world. Between 1979 and 1991, the U.S. provided Egypt with over three billion dollars in wheat and corn. According to W. Fornos, â€Å"every third loaf of bread baked in Egypt is made from wheat and corn ground in the United States† (Fornos). The U.S. is currently giving the world fish, but we cannot continue to do so. The first issue limiting the ability of the world to feed itself is the increasing world population. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as cited by Agroecology Professor Dave Wilson, the world population was one billion in 1804. The world population doubled itself in 154 years and has since continued to double exponentially. In 1987, the world population was 5 billion, and in 13 years, the population doubled once again. Accompanying 1999 was a world population ... ...tion Development.† Irrigation and Drainage. Vol. 52. 2003. 31-38. McMullum, et al. â€Å"Application of Modern Biotechnology to Food and Agriculture; Food Systems Perspective.† Journal of Nutrition, Education, and Behavior. Vol. 35. 6. Nov/Dec. 2003. 319, 326-328. Academic Search Premier. â€Å"Population Growth and Food Needs.† Population Reports. 25. 4. 3. 1997. 24, Feb. 2005. Academic Search Premier. Pretty, Jules. â€Å"Agroecology in Developing Countries.† Environment. Vol. 45. Nov. 2003. Academic Search Premier. Serageldin, Ismali. â€Å"World Poverty and Hunger-the Challenge for Science.† Science. Vol. 296. 5565. 54. 17, Feb. 2005. Academic Search Elite. Wilson, Dave. â€Å"Homework Topic 6; Genetically Engineered Crops.† Class lecture. 25, Feb. 2005. Wilson, Dave. â€Å"Population Growth.† Class lecture. 7, Feb. 2005.

Things Fall Apart: Okonkwo’s Perspective

Autoimmune had been with our family for three years, so I really didn't count on things changing. When Queued told that the oracle ordered him dead I was shocked. I didn't know what to do. I thought maybe Beriberi would know what to do, but I was even more confused after leaving his compound. How could I let someone Just kill this boy who called me father, but I wasn't willing to let anyone call me a coward. So I did what had to be done, I told Autoimmune that he was going home.I knew that Autoimmune had mixed emotions about this situation, I too had mixed emotions but it was time for him to go now. I knew Known had looked up to Autoimmune, but I didn't think he would take It this hard. Although I saw nothing, I could sense that Known was very hurt by this decision, and the way he looked at my face told me that he knew what was to happen to this boy, whom he called a brother. The day that we got rid of Autoimmune was a day that I will never forget. The men all came to my compound. We were all dressed up In our finest cloths.The men brought palm-wine, which Autoimmune was to carry. We started that the journey with everyone talking to with one another. We walked and it seemed like with every step I got even more nervous. It was too late to chicken out. Everyone would think that I was a coward if Autoimmune was not killed. I was sweating just thinking about it. How was I supposed to do such a horrified act? Autoimmune was like a son to me and for me to Just all of a sudden break that bond was the hardest thing I ever had to do. But it was the only choice I had.I was not about o be ridiculed and called a coward or womanly. My father was a failure and I refuse to be one, just as he was, so I had to kill Autoimmune. When it came to the time to kill Autoimmune one of the men coughed. As soon as he did this Autoimmune was forced to look straight ahead. Autoimmune knew something was not right. The demeanor of the men had changed. Within minutes the man who coughed had s truck Autoimmune and he had fallen down. At this point I didn't know what to do but to continue. As Autoimmune called out for me, I burst through the men and killed Autoimmune.As I struck him he fell and blood ran from his body as if it were running from a water fall. I could only continue as I heard him call out â€Å"father†. Nevertheless, I was a man for doing what the oracle told me to do and for doing something for my people. I didn't realize what I had did until it was over. It was as if I as In a haze when the killing occurred. I Immediately felt guilt and remorse came over me. I couldn't believe what I had done. I had killed a child. I had killed a child who once called me father.I was sad, but I could not let this control. I had to hide my emotions and act as a man, strong, fearless and emotionless. I had to move on. Things Fall Apart: Ginkgo's Perspective By megabyte really didn't count on things changing. When Queued told that the oracle ordered him dead I was shoc ked. I didn't know what to do. I thought maybe Beriberi would know Autoimmune, but I didn't think he would take it this hard. Although I saw nothing, I loud sense that Known was very hurt by this decision, and the way he looked at my came to my compound.We were all dressed up in our finest cloths. The men brought We started that the Journey with everyone talking to with one another. We walked sweating Just thinking about it. How was I supposed to do such a horrified act? Refuse to be one, Just as he was, so I had to kill Autoimmune. Coughed had struck Autoimmune and he had fallen down. At this point I didn't know was in a haze when the killing occurred. I immediately felt guilt and remorse came I couldn't believe what I had done. I had killed a child. I had killed a child who once

Food Inc. Essays

Food Inc. Essays Food Inc. Essay Food Inc. Essay Food Inc. The documentary Food Inc. by Robert Kenner is a documentary about the food industry and some of the issues that have emerged with the modernization of said food industry. Robert Kenner presents his arguments in sorts of subtitle such as The dollar menu, and The cornucopia to help identify his main points. Robert Kenner also brings in some experts such as Michael Pollen and Barbara Kowalcyk, into his documentary to bring some credibility to his argument, as well as adding specific music at particular times to tug at the emotions of the viewers. In this documentary Robert Kenner not only shows what happens to those who eat the products produced by the corporate food industry but also those who help in the production. In the first segment of Kenners documentary he brings up the topic of chicken farming in the modern food industry, and how there are many dangerous or unethical changes in the food industry. He then shows that chicken are now treated less like an animal and more like a product, less like a living thing and more like an object. Kenner shows this by showing some dark chicken house in which the chickens never even see any light. Then we are shown how chicken have been genetically altered for the new demands of the food industry. Chickens would grow to their full potential in seventy two days but now they grow to their full potential in forty eight days and not only that but they are twice the size of the ones that would grow in seventy two days. He then has a chicken farmer give us information about the company they are contracted with. : The farmer then shares some of the unethical behavior of the company how the company keeps the farmers under their thumb by constantly requiring upgrades on the farmers equipment. Another example of the unethical behavior is that the company hires illegal immigrants to do a lot of their labor. During this part of the documentary Robert Kenner plays some rock music that sounds almost angry to persuade the viewer to feel angry about the way the farmers as well as the chickens themselves are being treated. Robert Kenner then goes on to show us about the applications of corn in the modern food industry as well as some of the draw backs. Kenner then has Michael Pollen author of The Omnivores Dilemma tell us about his personal experience with the food industry. Pollen tells us he did some investigating and found that a lot of our food was leading to a corn field in Iowa he then says, so much of our industrial food turns out to be clever rearrangements of corn. Corn has help make many things, things from ketchup to even tires and the reason corn is used to help make all of these things is because it is cheap to make. However because of this same reason corn is used as the sustenance for animals. Cows are have evolved to eat grass not corn, and because cows are being fed corn instead of grass it causes physiological problems. One such problem is the E-coli virus the virus can and has caused death. In tne documentary Rooert Kenner empnaslzes one case In particular In wnlcn a two year old named Kevin dies from E-coli that he had contracted from a fast food restaurant. Kevins mother Barbara Kowalcyk became an advocate for food safety along with her mother Patricia Buck to help prevent anymore cases of E-coli from emerging. Mrs. Kowalcyk and her mother are trying to get Kevins law to pass; Robert Kenner then tells us what Kevins law is, Kevins law would give back to the USDA the power to shut down plants that repeatedly produce contaminated meat. However in the six years since the bill was written up it still has not passed. During this time of the documentary Robert Kenner brings in a very sad slow song to convey the sadness that Mrs. Kowalcyk feels everyday over the loss of her son. Robert Kenner continues to speak about the issues associated to E-coli and how it relates to the meat packing industry. Michael Pollen tells us If you take a food lot cow and take it off its corn diet and feed it grass for five days the cow will shed eighty percent of the E-coli in its system. He then goes on to say that this doesnt happen ut rather the companies come up with radical ways to solve the E-coli problem. One such example is the Beef Products Incorporated located in South Sioux City, Nebraska what this company does is it takes all of the meat taken from the cows and put them in these containers and cleans the meat with ammonia. This companys meat is in seventy percent of the countries fast food. Also the company believes that within the next five years they will supply one hundred percent of the countries fast food hamburger meat. We are then given information about the meat packing industry its elf, and how after 1906 after Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle the meat industry was getting better, and by the 1950s being in the meat packing industry was considered a good Job. However now the way workers are being dehumanized and having to repeat one Job over and over similar to a machine a Job in the meat packing industry is becoming more and more dangerous. Lastly Kenner addresses a recent strain put on corn farmers by Monsanto Corporations. Monsanto Corporations engineered a soy seed that resist the harmful effects of pesticides. In 2008 ninety percent of soybeans in the U. S contained Monsantos patented gene this tells us that the usage of these patented soybeans is growing. Now this patented soybean is a problem because farmers have to buy new seeds each year as opposed to keeping some from each of their batch each year like they use to. If somebody is caught saving seeds they are accused of copyright infringement and are sued. At this point of the documentary a mixture of music is playing again some rock music to convey anger, as well as some slow downbeat music to convey the sadness of the farmers who are loosing money because of the Monsantos patented soy beans. In Robert Kenners documentary Food Incorporated Kenner shows us that the modern food industry has its flaws. The food industry has become a big business conglomerate in which it tries to produce as much as it can with putting very little into it. At this point the very personal relationship between the producer and the customer becomes cold and very robotic. Throughout the documentary Robert Kenner uses OITTerent persuaslve strategies sucn as Drlnglng In expert testlmonles, and music to tug at various emotions. Work Cited Food Inc. Robert Kenner Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009

s Effect On Eating Disorders

An Ongoing Obsession: The Media’s Effects on Eating Disorders â€Å"Man I look fat! I will never have the perfect body.† This is what many young women say when they look at themselves in the mirror. There is no such thing as the perfect body, yet many people believe there is. The media is one factor that plays a role in society’s view of young women. Today, women with eating disorders are affected greatly by the media. Television, magazines, posters, and billboards all show how the media views what young women should look like. Tall, rail-thin, a flawless complexion, and great hair are a few of the things that women today should entail. This is impossible, but yet a great number of women believe they can achieve this perfect body which the media portrays. There are many factors that play a role in the way women feel about their bodies, but the key factor is the media. Women feel the constant pressure to mirror the image of models and actresses in magazines and on television. This feeling may begin as early as childhood. A pre-adolescent becomes very aware of how society views the â€Å"perfect body.† A study done in 1996 showed that the amount of time an adolescent watches television and reads magazines is greatly associated with their degree of body displeasure and their need to be thin (National Institute). The average adolescent watches about three to four hours of television a day and therefore will greatly be affected by what the media portrays how young women are supposed to look (Yellon). Many young girls dislike their body, and this feeling is known to grow up until early adulthood, or maybe even last for the rest of one’s life. How can this start so young people may ask, studies have shown that cartoon characters can affect how children feel. Female children describe the roles of girl cartoon characters as â€Å"domestic, interested in boys, and concerned with appearances,† (National Institute). S... 's Effect On Eating Disorders Free Essays on Media\'s Effect On Eating Disorders An Ongoing Obsession: The Media’s Effects on Eating Disorders â€Å"Man I look fat! I will never have the perfect body.† This is what many young women say when they look at themselves in the mirror. There is no such thing as the perfect body, yet many people believe there is. The media is one factor that plays a role in society’s view of young women. Today, women with eating disorders are affected greatly by the media. Television, magazines, posters, and billboards all show how the media views what young women should look like. Tall, rail-thin, a flawless complexion, and great hair are a few of the things that women today should entail. This is impossible, but yet a great number of women believe they can achieve this perfect body which the media portrays. There are many factors that play a role in the way women feel about their bodies, but the key factor is the media. Women feel the constant pressure to mirror the image of models and actresses in magazines and on television. This feeling may begin as early as childhood. A pre-adolescent becomes very aware of how society views the â€Å"perfect body.† A study done in 1996 showed that the amount of time an adolescent watches television and reads magazines is greatly associated with their degree of body displeasure and their need to be thin (National Institute). The average adolescent watches about three to four hours of television a day and therefore will greatly be affected by what the media portrays how young women are supposed to look (Yellon). Many young girls dislike their body, and this feeling is known to grow up until early adulthood, or maybe even last for the rest of one’s life. How can this start so young people may ask, studies have shown that cartoon characters can affect how children feel. Female children describe the roles of girl cartoon characters as â€Å"domestic, interested in boys, and concerned with appearances,† (National Institute). S...

Youth Prostitution In Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Youth Prostitution In Canada - Essay Example They believe they had to run as they find home life intolerable. None of these push factors alone; explain why they turn to prostitution. How and why they turn to be prostitutes is not that important as the importance of independent street life to them. What is attractive about street life is that it allows the runaway or disaffiliated youth a sense of belonging, a feeling of autonomy, and a means of financial independence. Most important of all, street prostitution provides a means of subsistence. And the fast and substantial money that it does bring to a core group of prostitutes symbolizes much that is cherished in mainstream materialist Western culture. (Davis, 1993, p. 72) According to the Canadian Women's Health Network, Prostitution and sex business in Canada is a multi-billion dollar market, which is developed annually on the basis of maintaining prostitution business at the rate of $400 million. (CWHN, June 2006) Prostitution alone does not refer to the social international issues, which are at continuous ignorance since 1980s in Canada, but it includes the involvement of male as well as females as customers, pimps and prostitutes. The dilemma is that after 20 years of implementing the policies for prostitution, it is still on a growing trend, where youth is deeply influenced by this profession. The matter of concern is what attracts the younger generation to get involved into sex trade and entering and exiting of youth into this profession are those facts, which are also responsible for health issues. According to factbook on Global sexual exploitation in Canada, "Most of the young girls that are trafficked and forced into prostitution in Canada are transmitted from city to city, from Seattle to San Francisco to Oakland to Phoenix to Honolulu and Portland. The pimps move them every 3-4 weeks". (Portland Police Officer Doug Kosloske, The Province, 19 December 1997) Statistics According to a report by Duchesne D., fluctuations are seen every year in the prostitution trend, which highlight the implementation of law and order according to jurisdiction. While giving example, she concludes, "between 1994 and 1995, the total number of prostitution incidents in Canada rose 29%, largely due to a substantial rise in communicating offences in Vancouver. But this increase followed two years of steep declines, mainly traced to Toronto, Edmonton and Calgary (in 1994), and Vancouver (in 1993)". (Duchesne, 2006) Due to the leniency of Canadian jurisdiction towards penalizing men in prostitution, since 1980s Canadian men are more motivated towards working in this profession either in the form of pimps, customers or male young prostitutes. Street Prostitution There are many concerns related with "sex work on streets" among which the major problem, which the public is confronted to, is its elimination from the public areas. Most of the people consider it private and so they support the view that "street prostitution" should not be in public places. Of course there are many reasons affiliated with the concern. Street Prostitution has been the most common problem in Canada since the actions, which were taken in 1980s. Those actions were not taken keeping in view the major reasons for as to why youth is getting involved into the

Critical evaluation of our times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical evaluation of our times - Essay Example The history of terrorism dates back to between 10th and 14th century in Syria and Iran. It originated from the Hashhashin, whose English word came to be known as ‘assassins’. They were an unknown Islamic group that killed the Abbasid and Seljuk who were political figures. They cannot be compared with the modern day terrorists due to their failure to use the media and other forms of communication to create a sense of terror to the people. Modern terrorism is experienced virtually everywhere in the world unlike the assassins of Syria and Iran who were only confined to those two countries (Jeroen et al 20). The history of modern terrorism dates back to 1793 during the Reign of Terror as initiated by Maxmilien Robespierre, who was one of the heads of the new state during the French revolution. He killed the enemies of revolution and mounted totalitarianism in order to regain national stability. To him, his methods were just in the monarchical transformation to liberal democracy. He said that for one to be right as a founder of the republic, he or she needs to pacify by terror the opponents of freedom. With his sentiments, the foundation for modern terror was laid to teach that violence will lead to a better system. But the featuring of terrorism as a state action faded, whereas the thought of terror as an attack against the prevailing political order eventually was more noticeable (Schmalleger, 109). At the start of 1950s, there was the emergence of non-state terrorism that entailed the rise of guerilla tactics that was being orchestrated by the non-state actors. This had been widely done in the last half of the 20th century. The thriving of tribal nationalism such as the Zionist; the anti-colonial utterances in France and Britain as well as the ideologies like communism were some of the guerrilla tactics (Fukuyama, 45). In clear terms, the terrorist groups of the 20th century with a one united national goal started forming in

Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Business strategy - Essay Example In order to formulate and evaluate new prospective business strategies of the company, one needs to analyze the internal and external audit results of the organization (McEachern, 2012). Cath Kidston has a high brand value in the global market. The company has a long learning curve in business and owns a considerable share of industry demand. The products offered by the company are rare, unique and non imitable in nature. The aggregate revenue and economic surplus of the organization is steadily increasing over time. In 2013, the gross sale of the organization was worth  £100 million (Cathkidston, 2014). The organization is experiencing increasing profit and revenue in both domestic and foreign markets. After growth of internet penetration rate in all the countries around the world, Cath Kidston Ltd has successfully enhanced the volume of its e-commerce sales (Cathkidston, 2014). The online retailing stores of the company are able to offer cost effective services to a larger strength of prospective buyers. Cath Kidston owns a strong supply chain management system. However, the products offered by the company are primarily targeted towards the young and middle aged women. Cath Kidston’s products are popular for its unique floral designs. The case study claims that the company manufactures women accessories such as hand bags and home ware products (Cathkidston, 2014). The company faces certain delivery and product quality related problems in its online trade. The foreign business of Cath Kidston is more prosperous than its native business status. The company has relinquished majority of its stake to a private equity firm, TA Associates. Cath Kidston is the owner of only 23% stake of the Kidston Limited (Cathkidston, 2014). The company sold majority stakes because of financial crisis in the business. The company will not be

Our Countrys Good, Acting Advice For Act Essay Example for Free

Our Countrys Good, Acting Advice For Act Essay The scene starts off with just Ralph. I think I would tell the actor to look studious and intellectual, as Ralph would be making every effort to make the play to a very high standard so he can impress Captain Phillip in the hope of getting the promotion he has desired for some time. The mood should then change as soon as Shitty Meg enters on stage. She should walk on with a tarty stride. She is old and thoroughly unattractive but she makes an over enthused effort to look glamorous and highly sexual. She should move toward Ralph in a very intimidating manor. Her sexual innuendoes should be delivered with a knowledgably bawdy tone and charisma, I can play Lieutenant, I can play with any part you like. When trying to convince Ralph into giving her a part in his play, You dont want a young woman peculiar, Lieutenant, they dont know nothing, I think she should grab Ralphs leg as soon as she says the line; Shut your eyes and Ill play you as tight as a virgin. Ralph should seem very intimidated and should jump up and back away from her in disgust. Meg should continue like this until Ralph has enough and shouts Long! . At this point Meg should be slightly scared of Ralphs anger but she keeps face by accusing Ralph of being a homosexual, We thought you was a madge cull, she should say her lines in a patronising matter-of-fact way to try and lower Ralphs high persona of himself. The comic mood should continue when Sideway comes on the stage. He should be lively and full of character as he is your typical London geezer. He delivers his first few lines with an almost fake admiration for Ralph; I am calling you Mr Clarke as one calls Mr Garick Mr Garick. Sideway should have a very in-your-face attitude to Ralph. Ralph should be very intimidated and suspicious but remain on the spot in a very militaristic manner to give the impress that he is not phased by Sideways very forward and friendly approach. Sideway should be walking around Ralph the whole time to try and show that he is nimble and enthusiastic; top of my profession, Mr Clarke. As Sideway delivers his lines, in a very reflective thoughtful manner, Ralph should gradually ease out of his rigid posture and himself seem to be thinking of the wonderful London which Sideway speaks of; London bridge at dawn. Then when delivering the line plucking up courage, I pluck her, he should remove a handkerchief out from Ralphs back pocket, unknown to the audience or Ralph himself. Then when saying the handkerchiefs he should reveal the handkerchief in a very theatrical way so it is made clear to both the audience and Ralph that Sideway had stolen his handkerchief. Ralph should seem surprised but should then give the impression that he is still very important and pretending almost that nothing had happened. As soon as Dabby and Mary enter, we should realise how different the two characters are. Dabby should be confident and pushy whereas Mary should be quiet and highly reserved. Ralph should be infatuated with Mary as soon as he lays eyes on her. Although he cant take his eyes off her I dont think that Mary is either confident or keen enough yet to achieve eye contact with him. Dabby should push Mary forward quite forcefully after saying her line; You asked to see Mary Brenham, Lieutenant. Here she is. Mary is still very nervous and still doesnt show any sort of interest in Ralph whatsoever. He intimidates her because he is one of the officers and she is also scared because she is about to audition for a play. Ralph should seem keen to want to talk to Mary rather than Dabby, purely because he is smitten with her Do you know what a play is? . Dabby to him is just an annoyance Ive seen lots of plays, Lieutenant, so has Mary. Mary must still remain quiet and nervous (this shown in the stage directions when it says that should say some of her lines inaudibly. Although Dabby is very keen to get Mary her part in the play because she feels that Ralph would be a good person for Mary to be with and sleep with on the ship Mary wants to be in your play, Lieutenant but should be very obvious about the fact that she wants in the play as well and so do I. Ralph wants to make sure he gives Mary the impression that he wants her to be in the play by telling her all of the good things that other people have said about her; The Reverend Johnson told me you could read and write, Brenham. The first time that Ralphs and Marys meet should be when they both start reading the play to each other, whilst there is life there is hope. Every time the two look each other in the eyes when they are reading the play the looks should be held and prolonged to show an obvious attraction from both of them. Ralph for the first time in this scene is above the convicts and seems to have intellectual superiority over the two of them. The actor should say this lines in quite a patronising way not because he wants the convicts to know their place but because that is how he treats everyone This is a comedy, they dont really mean it. Mary should seem very innocent and like a little girl. Especially when Ralph tries to explain the plot of the story which is rather bizarre she falls in love with Silvia. In the stage directions it actually says Mary begins to giggle but tries to hold it back. The mood then changes drastically as soon as Liz enters. Her stride should show that she is aggressive and very confident. Mary should very subtly sneak away and not say anything. Dabby and Liz should give each other evil glares. It says in the stage directions about the characters; each holding her ground, each ready to pounce. Ralph should seem unphased purely because he knows nothing of the hostility between the two characters; Dabby: You cant have her in the play, Lieutenant. Ralph: Why not? Lizs anger just mounts until the point at which she nearly cracks, the stage directions say that she looks briefly at Dabby, as if to strike, then changes her mind. The actress playing Liz should be forward and confident and intimidated by nothing she snatches the book from Ralph and strides off.